SEPUTAR PROPERTI/Jakarta – Pemerintah tengah mendorong adanya dana abadi perumahan untuk memastikan angka backlog rumah yang kini mencapai 12,7 juta unit dapat teratasi. Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat (PUPR) saat ini masih menggodok skema dana abadi perumahan tersebut dengan berbagai pihak di dalam ekosistem pembiayaan perumahan.
Haryo Bekti Martoyoedo, Direktur Pembiayaan Perumahan Ditjen Pembiayaan Infrastruktur Kementerian PUPR menyebutkan dana abadi adalah terminologi payung (umbrella term) untuk dana yang dibentuk oleh badan hukum yang bersifat abadi (tidak mengurangi pokok dana) untuk menjamin keberlangsungan sebuah program. Saat ini, ungkapnya, mekanisme dana abadi perumahan masih dalam tahap pembahasan bersama ekosistem pembiayaan perumahan termasuk Kementerian Keuangan.
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“Tapi prinsipnya sama yakni ada yang bersumber dari APBN termasuk FLPP, kemudian dana itu diinvestasikan dulu untuk mendapatkan return dan dampak yang lebih besar untuk pembiayaan perumahan, serta sebagian lagi disalurkan dalam bentuk subsidi atau bantuan perumahan. Mungkin tidak bisa (diterapkan) sekarang, ya paling cepat 2025,” ujar Haryo pada diskusi “Demi Rakyat, Wujudkan Gagasan Dana Abadi Perumahan” yang diselenggarakan Forum Wartawan Perumahan Rakyat (Forwapera) di Jakarta, Jumat (21/6).
Dia menjelaskan, mekanisme dana abadi ini bukanlah sesuatu yang baru di Indonesia karena sebelumnya telah ada Lembaga Dana Kerja Sama Pembangunan Internasional (LDKPI) yang mengelola dana kerja pembangunan internasional (endowment fund) dan Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) yang mengelola dana abadi pendidikan, penelitian, perguruan tinggi dan dana abadi kebudayaan.
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Menurut Haryo, dana abadi perumahan akan menjamin pembiayaan subsidi kredit pemilikan rumah (KPR) yang berkesinambungan setiap tahunnya. Dengan skema pendanaan bersumber dari dana abadi, ujarnya, pemberian kemudahan sepanjang tenor pembiayaan (multi-years) akan terjamin keberlangsungannya.
Hirwandi Gafar, Direktur Consumer Bank Tabungan Negara (BTN) mengatakan angka backlog perumahan di Indonesia sangat tinggi. Selama ini, pembiayaan perumahan hanya mengandalkan skema Fasilitas Likuiditas Pembiayaan Perumahan (FLPP) yang setiap tahun terus-menerus membebani APBN. Sejak 2010 sampai sekarang kemampuan FLPP membiayai rumah hanya sekitar 200.000 – 250.000 unit per tahun, bahkan di 2024 kuota FLPP hanya 166.000 unit.
“Itu berarti ada ketidakpastian. Karena itu, ada pemikiran bagaimana kalau dikombinasikan antara dana FLPP yang langsung digulirkan kepada masyarakat dalam bentuk SSB dengan dana FLPP yang diinvestasikan terlebih dahulu dan hasil investasinya dipakai untuk membayar selisih bunga,” kata Hirwandi.
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Selain dari APBN, potensi sumber dana abadi perumahan bisa berasal dari luar APBN seperti dana perumahan di BPJS-Ketenagakerjaan atau Jaminan Hari Tua (JHT), iuran wajib perumahan TNI/Polri, kontribusi pemerintah daerah lewat APBD serta dana CSR (corporate social responsibility) sehingga dana investasinya semakin besar.
Apa dana abadi perumahan ini bisa dilaksanakan? Menurut Hirwandi, jika melihat concern pemerintah baru mendatang terhadap program perumahan termasuk target pembangunan 3 juta rumah, maka terwujudnya dana abadi perumahan diharapkan dapat dicapai.
Sid Herdi Kusuma, Deputi Komisioner Bidang Pemanfaatan Dana BP Tapera mengatakan, sesuai amanat UU Tapera dan PP Penyelenggaraan Tapera, maka BP Tapera berperan sebagai Operator Investasi Pemerintah (OIP) dalam menyalurkan dana FLPP. Dana kelolaan BP Tapera itu bisa berasal dari kerjasama lembaga/institusi dan juga dana titipan program, CSR, dana hibah, dana philantropist, dana kompensasi dan lain-lain.
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“Terkait dana abadi perumahan, karena sesuai dengan amanat UU dan PP Penyelenggaraan Tapera, maka jika dipercaya BP Tapera siap untuk mengelola dana tersebut. Pemerintah tidak perlu membuat badan baru. Cukup dengan memberikan peran lebih kepada BP Tapera,” ujarnya.
Terlebih, secara organisasi berdasarkan UU, BP Tapera tidak bisa dipailitkan. Secara kinerja, ungkap Sid, BP Tapera juga diawasi secara ketat oleh OJK dan Komite Tapera yang beranggotakan para menteri di pemerintahan.
“Karena itu, perlu integrasi pengelola dana abadi perumahan dengan BP Tapera dalam satu platform penyaluran pembiayaan yang terpadu,” pungkasnya.
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Martin Daniel Siranayamual, Chief of Economist PT Sarana Multigriya Finansial (SMF) menyampaikan, peran SMF dalam pengelolaan dana abadi perumahan ada dua. Pertama, sebagai sekretariat ekosistem pembiayaan perumahan dalam pemupukan dana abadi. Kedua, sebagai sekuritisasi kerja sama dengan institusi pembiayaan perumahan lain.
“Mewujudkan dana abadi perumahan itu perlu menyelesaikan berbagai tantangan, manfaat, dukungan, solusi dan tata kelola yang baik, diperlukan juga pengawasan agar masyarakat penerima manfaat bisa merasa terjamin,” ungkap Martin.
Menurutnya, sekuritisasi dalam dana abadi dilakukan karena likuiditas perbankan tentu punya keterbatasan. Sehingga perbankan butuh untuk menjaga perjalanan bisnis masing-masing. Disebutkan, dalam mengelola dana abadi, bank penyalur juga tetap harus menjaga likuiditas mereka.
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“Sekelas BTN mungkin punya kemampuan, tetapi kan tetap ada keterbatasan. SMF di sini fungsinya membantu, agar masing-masing organisasi dalam ekosistem pembiayaan perumahan bisa dapat untung namun kebijakan pemerintah juga dapat jalan,” kata Martin.
Sementara itu, Pengamat Properti Panangian Simanungkalit menilai pemerintah baru mendatang memiliki semangat dan program yang menonjol di sektor perumahan. Oleh karena itu dia mendorong ekosistem pembiayaan perumahan bersatu, sehingga mampu mengeksekusi kebijakan yang dirumuskan termasuk diantaranya dana abadi perumahan.
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“Jangan lagi mementingkan ego sektoral masing-masing, karena selama ini banyak kebijakan yang tidak bisa dieksekusi dengan baik. Soal dana abadi perumahan ini juga seharusnya satu suara,” tegasnya.
Terkait dengan target pembangunan 3 juta rumah, Panangian berpendapat program itu cukup realistis. Tetapi memang diakui persoalannya adalah masalah pendanaan. Karena itu, dengan adanya dana abadi diharapka dapat sedikit membantu.
“Kita butuh setidaknya Rp120 triliun per tahun untuk mendanai sektor perumahan. Jadi dana abadi ini saya kira dapat menjadi salah satu solusi pembiayaan perumahan,” ujar Panangian
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